From massive open online courses (MOOCs) that are delivered to tens of thousands around the globe to adaptive digital tools that can improve outcomes by providing tailored learning experiences as well as mapping a student’s individual progress at every juncture, technology is transforming the 21st century student. Classrooms haven’t changed much in the past few centuries. Students attend class, take notes and do their homework. The teacher lectures and once in a while administers a test. Students get their grades and move on to the next topic. By and large, students—especially the most disadvantaged ones—attend the school or university closest to their home, regardless of its quality. These routines are starting to change. In a small but growing number of schools, students watch lectures online and come to class prepared to tackle assignments and collaborate with teachers and peers. They interact with computer programs that allow them to …